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Medieval Kannada literature
Medieval Kannada literature covered a wide range of subjects and genres which can broadly be classified under the Jain, Virashaiva, Vaishnava and secular traditions. These include writings from the 7th century rise of the Badami Chalukya empire to the 16th century, coinciding with the decline of Vijayanagara Empire. The earliest known literary works until about the 12th century CE were mostly authored by the Jainas along with a few works by Virashaivas and Brahmins and hence this period is called the age of Jain literature, . The 13th century CE, to the 15th century CE, saw the emergence of numerous Virashaiva and Brahminical writers with a proportional decline in Jain literary works. Thereafter, Virashaiva and Brahmin writers have dominated the Kannada literary tradition.〔Narasimhacharya (1988), p17〕 Some of the earliest metres used by Jain writers prior to 9th century include the ''chattana'', ''bedande'' and the ''melvadu'' metres, writings in which have not been discovered but are known from references made to them in later centuries.〔 Popular metres from the 9th century onwards when Kannada literature is available are the ''champu-kavyas'' or just ''champu'',〔Poems in verse of various metres interspersed with paragraphs of prose (Narasimhacharya 1988, p12)〕 ''vachana''〔Virashaiva poetic prose in simple and lucid Kannada from the 12th century (Narasimhacharya 1988, p17)〕 ''sangatya'',〔sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument and introduced in 1232 by Sisumanayana (Sastri 1955, p359)〕 ''shatpadi'',〔Six liners popular in later Jain, Brahminical and Virashaiva works (Narasimhacharya 1988, p17)〕 ''ragale'',〔lyrical poems with refrain (Sastri 1955, p361)〕 ''tripadi'',〔Three line poetry (Sastri 1955, p361)〕 and ''kavya''.〔A poem in classical style. 〕
The Jain scholars wrote mostly about the life of Tirthankars (Jain saints) and about princes and persons who attained sainthood. These writings are called Jain ''puranas''. Virashaiva works centered on the Hindu god Shiva, his various forms and his saintly devotees. A unique and native form of poetry called Vachana ''sahitya'' was born in the 12th century CE, as a reaction to the rigid social customs prevailing at that time. This form of poetry in pithy prose was heralded by the Virashaiva saints and remains popular even today. Brahminical writings were on the Vaishnava Hindu epics, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata, the Puranas and subjects bearing on the Vedas.〔Narasimhacharya (1988), p61〕 Another devotional movement, inspired by the teachings of Madhwacharya heralded by Vaishnava saints ushered in a form of Kannada literature called the Haridasa ''sahitya'' (literature of slaves of god) in the 14th century CE, and resulted in the production of a vast corpus of devotional compositions over the next four centuries. A vast amount of literature came to be written on non-religious subjects generally classified as secular literature. Secular literatures were on such subjects as grammar (''sabdagama''), logic (''yuktyagama''), philosophy (''paramagama''), poetry, romance, drama, rhetoric, prosody, lexicon, biography, history, medicine, veterinary science, mathematics, poetic inscriptions called ''kavya'', cookery, fiction, astrology, meteorology, toxicology, eroticism etc.〔Narasimhacharya (1988), pp61-65〕
== Early literature ==
The verse form of inscriptions were popular in the 7th century and the Shravanabelagola inscription of Nandisena (7th century), and the Kappe Arabhatta record of 700 in ''tripadi'' metre is considered the earliest available lithic records of Kannada poetry.〔Kamath (2001), p67〕 The ''Karnateshwara Katha'', which was quoted later by Jayakirti, must have belonged to the period and was a eulogy of Pulakeshin II.〔Chidananda Murthy in Kamath (2001), p67〕 Other Kannada writers of this time whose works are considered extinct are Syamakundacharya (650) who wrote ''Prabhrita'' and Srivaradhadeva, also called Tumubuluracharya (650) who wrote the ''Chudamani'' (Crest Jewel), a 96,000 verse commentary on logic (''Tattvartha-mahashastra'').〔Sastri (1955), p355〕〔Narasimhacharya (1988), p4-5〕 Other sources date the ''Chudamani'' to the 6th century or earlier.〔B.L. Rice (1897), p497〕〔6th century Sanskrit poet Dandin praised Srivaradhadeva's writing as "having produced Saraswati from the tip of his tongue, just as Shiva produced the Ganges from the tip of his top knot (Rice E.P., 1921, p27)〕 Bhattakalanka, a 17th-century Kannada grammarian, wrote of the ''Chudamini'' being a milestone which demonstrated that Kannada was well suited for scientific works.〔Narasimhacharya (1988), pp4-5〕 ''Gajashtaka'', a rare work on elephant management was written by the Western Ganga King Shivamara II around 800 but is now considered extinct.〔Kamath (2001), p50〕 Around 900, Gunavarma I authored the ''Sudraka'' and ''Harivamsa''. His writings are considered extinct but references to these writings are found in later years. He is known to have been patronised by King Ereganga Neetimarga II. In ''Sudraka'', he has favourably compared his patron to King Sudraka of ancient times.〔〔Narasimhacharya (1988), p18〕 Sri Vijaya, court poet of Rashtrakuta King Amoghavarsha I wrote ''Chandraprabha-purana'' in the early 9th century.〔The author and this work were praised by later day poet Durgasimha of 1025 CE (Narasimhacharya 1988, p18)〕 A prosody called ''Guna-gankiyam'' has been referenced in a Tamil work called ''Yapparungalakkarigai'' by Amritasagara and has been dated to the middle of the 9th century.〔Historians propose the name of the author to be Gunaga (or Gunaganka, Gunakenalla) (Narasimhacharya 1988, p29)〕
''Kavirajamarga'' (850) written by King Amoghavarsha I and Sri Vijaya is the earliest available book on rhetoric and poetics,〔〔Kamath (2001), p90〕 though it is evident from the book that several works and metres of Kannada literature and poetry had existed in previous centuries. ''Kavirajamarga'' is a guide to poets (''Kavishiksha'') that aims to standardize these various styles. The book refers to early Kannada writers such as the 6th century Western Ganga Dynasty King Durvinita, a writer of prose. Hence it is proposed that a considerable volume of prose and poetry must have come into existence prior to 850.〔〔Narasimhacharya (1988), p2,p17〕 Other writers mentioned in ''Kavirajamarga'' are Vimala, Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabhandu for Kannada prose and Ravikirti (636), Kavisvara, Pandita, Chandra and Lokapala in Kannada poetry.〔〔Narasimhacharya, 1988, p2〕
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